Evidence of 3,000-year-old civilisation found in Maharashtra

Researchers from Nagpur University have uncovered evidence of a 3,000-year-old Iron Age civilization in Yavatmal district, Maharashtra.

The excavation, conducted at Pachkhed village, revealed a multi-layered settlement with distinct cultural periods, including the Satavahana, Medieval, and Nizam eras.

Key Findings: 

 • Circular limestone-floored houses with wooden posts at their periphery. • Pottery, iron tools, semi-precious stone beads, terracotta artifacts, and bone objects.

• Four distinct periods of occupation:

 1. Iron Age (based on pottery and artifacts). 2. Satavahana period (2nd century BCE – 3rd century CE). 3. Medieval period (evidence of reuse). 4. Nizam era (site used as a watchtower in the 18th–20th century).

About the Iron Age civilization The Iron Age was a transformative period in human history, marking the widespread use of iron tools and weapons. It followed the Bronze Age and began around 1200 BCE, varying by region.

Key Features of the Iron Age: 

 • Iron Metallurgy: The ability to smelt and forge iron led to stronger, more durable tools and weapons.

• Agricultural Advancements: 

Iron plows and sickles improved farming efficiency, leading to population growth.

• Urbanization:

 The rise of fortified settlements and larger cities due to improved construction techniques. • Warfare Evolution: Iron swords, spears, and armor revolutionized military strategies.

• Cultural Developments:

 The Iron Age saw the emergence of Celtic, Greek, Roman, and Indian civilizations.

Iron Age in India:

 • Began around 1200 BCE with the Painted Grey Ware culture. • Iron tools contributed to the expansion of agriculture and trade.

• Cultural Contributions: 

The Nizams patronized art, literature, architecture, and built iconic structures like Chowmahalla Palace, Falaknuma Palace, and Osmania University.

• End of Rule: 

Hyderabad was annexed into India in 1948 through Operation Polo, led by the Indian Army.